How is migration changing the face of the EU?

Key points to know and understand:

• Historic migration to / within Europe (timeline)
• The impact of international migration to Europe
• Patterns of recent moveoments within the EU (e.g. Eastern European migration to the UK and retirement migration to the Med') and the reasons for these movements
• The social, economic, environmental and political consequences of migration.

Migration 1

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Eastern European Migration to the UK - you can watch the video from the lesson at You Tube in parts - part one

Migration 2

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Population Change

You need understand how population is changing locally, nationally and globally.

Uk Population Change

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You also need to understand the issue of the UK's ageing population - causes and effects (political, social, economic and demographic).

Greying Population

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Switched on or switched off?

Switched on places are those nations, regions or cities that are strongly connected to other places through the production and consumption of goods and services. In contrast, places that are poorly connected are said to be relatively switched off.

This image of the world at night gives an idea of which places are switched on/off.

Consider the reasons why some places are more connected than others and why, therefore, they are more switched on to development.

Switched On And Off

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Global networks

Technology builds global networks. Look at the powerpoint below to review the major changes which have occured.

Global Networks

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You can also see from this document how global airline networks have contributed to the development of global networks and global hubs (these are settlements which provide a focal point for activities that have a global influence. All world cities and mega-cities are global hubs slong with some smaller settlements).

One World Airline Destinations

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TNC case studies

You have studied an example of a Transnational Corporation - either McDonalds or Tesco. Make sure you know detailed information about that TNC in the following areas:

• History - what is the history of the company; how has it grown?
• Locations - where is it / is it not located; how has this changed over time?
• Income - how does it compare with other TNCs / the GDP of countries?
• Impacts - what positive / negative impacts does it have?

McDonalds - look at the distribution of McDonalds stores and how they have expanded over time

Useful links
McDonalds corporate website
Wikipedia entry
McDonalds Workers Resistance
Telegraph news article

Global Groupings

Geographers use two main types of grouping to study nations in a global context. These are economic groupings and political groupings.

Economic Groupings
Nations can be categorised according to their overall level of wealth.

a) Least developed countries (LDCs) - this term refers to the world's 50 least developed nations e.g. Afghanisatan, Uganda and Sudan.
b) Newly industrialised countries (NICs) - these are middle-income nations and average earnings have risen at massively since the 1970s e.g. Brazil, Singapore and Taiwan.
c) Ex-Soviet States - the break up of the Soviet union in 1989 created 15 ex-Soviet states which have low GDP and HDI figures. They are often described as middle-income.
d) Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - since the 1960s many of the world's oil producing countries have belonged to this organisation. Saudi Arabia is an OPEC member and has a very high GDP ($350 billion in 2007) but this is often unfairly distributed.
e) Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) - this is an organisation of 30 members whose GDP is more evenly distributed and the typical standard of living is good e.g. UK, Canada, Japan.

Political Groupings
Trade blocs are voluntary organisations which countries join for security and trade e.g. the European Union. Agreements have to be drawn up to allow money, goods and sometimes workers to freely cross borders. National laws have to be altered (which is why these are called political groupings). Trade blocs can also contain countries at different levels of economic development e.g. USA and Mexico both belong to NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Agreement). This makes sense because Mexico has a relatively cheap workforce and the USA has managment and research expertise. This allows companies to pick the right place for their operations e.g. manufacturing in the USA and research & development in the USA. This is called the spatial division of labour.

Homework activity
Research one of the trade blocs we have studied. You must include:
~ detail of member states
~ when it was set up
~ its objectives
~ benefits of being a member

Useful websites:
ASEAN
NAFTA
EU
CARICOM
COMESA
MERCOSUR

What is globalisation?

Globalisation is nothing new as people, countries and continents have always been connected. Modern globalisation has been defined as a lengthening and deepening of the interconnections between places.



This modern globalisation affects people's lives in many ways.



Use the following useful links to find out more:
BBC guide to globalisation
An example of globalisation in action

Lesson 1 What Is Globalisation And How Is It Changing Peoples Lives

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Watch this video which highlights some of the factors which have accelerated (sped up) globalisation: